Pancreas+(ash&aiesh)

 =THE PANCREAS =



Roses are red,

violets are blue,

the pancreas is sweet,

and so are you!

=What is the pancreas? = =  =

The pancreas is a spongy, fish-shaped, grayish-pink organ. It is approximately six inches long. It stretches across the back of the abdomen and behind the stomach. Unlike many organs within the body, the pancreas is actually a  dual function organ. It has both an endocrine  and an exocrine job:    


 * Endocrine: this part secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to sustain reasonable glucose levels in the blood
 * Exocrine: this part secretes the digestive enzymes that aid in the digestive process

=<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(188,6,6); text-align: center;">What is its function? = <span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-align: center;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats with its own digestive juices plus juices from the intestines
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secretes hormones such as glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin that affects the sugar level in the body
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Produces chemicals that neutralize stomach acids that pass from the stomach to the small intestine by using substances in the pancreatic juice

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217,8,8); text-align: center;">Functional histology/anatomy =

Histology-

 * Dual function organ: exocrine and endocrine[[image:http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/images/digestive/pancreas-04-l.jpg width="225" height="193" align="right"]]
 * The exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells; dark stain
 * The endocrine function is carried out by the islets of Langerhans; light stain

In the photo:
 * #1- acinar cells
 * #2- islets <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of langerhans
 * #3- intralobular duct
 * #4- intralobular connective tissue septa

Anatomy-
The pancreas stretches across the back of the abdomen and behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas, the widest part, is located on the right side of the abdomen and fits into the curve of the first part of the duodenum while also being connected to it. The extension of the head is called the Uncinate process. The narrow end, or tail, extends to the left side of the body near the spleen. The middle is called the body.

Within the pancreas resides the major pancreatic duct also know as duct of Wirsung. Attached to that is a smaller accessory duct called the duct of Santorini. These two ducts collect pancreatic juices and deposit them into the duodenum. The common bile duct merges with the major pancreatic duct where the bile is mixed with intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzymes.

=<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(245,20,20); text-align: center;">Digestive process =

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> As food reaches the duodenum, it gives off a signal to the pancreas to create its digestive enzymes. Then the pancreatic enzymes plus another substance that neutralizes stomach acid flow into the main pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct. All the pancreatic juices deposit in the duodenum where it helps to break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

=<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(247,54,54); text-align: center;">Pancreatic disorders =

Pancreatitis:

 * inflammation of pancreas
 * causes digestive juices to become active too early and they attack/destroy pancreas tissues
 * occurs more often in men than women
 * 2 types: acute & chronic

**Acute:**
It occurs suddenly and usually clears up in a few days, but could also be life-threatening. The main causes are usually heavy alcohol use or gallstones. Some other causes include infection, medication, tumors, abdominal trauma, or genetic abnormalities in the pancreas. Pancreatitis is accompanied by a swollen or tender abdomen, nausea and vomiting, fever, and a rapid pulse. In the worst cases the kidneys, heart, or lungs could fail or death could occur. To diagnose Pancreatitis a simple blood test could be done, an ultrasound, CT scan, or endoscopic ultrasound. Treatment for pancreatitis includes IV fluids, antibiotics, and pain relievers.

**Chronic:**
This type is gradual and usually worsens over time. It is known to develop in adults 30-40 years old. The main cause is alcoholism. Some other causes are genetics, cystic fibrosis, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, medication, and some autoimmune conditions. The symptoms are pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, and oily stools. Blood, urine, and stool tests are used to test for this disorder as well as CT scans, ultrasounds, endoscopic ultrasounds, and MRCPs ( Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). Treatments include IV, nutritional support, pain management, nasogastric feedings (feeding tube through nose), drinking fluids, and/or medication with synthetic digestive enzymes.

Pancreatic Cancer:

 * spreads rapidly
 * usually not detected in early stages
 * cells in the pancreas develop genetic mutations
 * symptoms- upper abdominal pain, jaundice, loss of appetite, weight loss, and depression
 * types- adenocarcinoma (cancer in pancreatic ducts) and endocrine cancer (cancer in hormone producing cells)
 * risk factors- smoking, obesity, family history, old age
 * african americans have a better chance of developing it
 * tests- ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, ERCP, EUS, PTC, biopsy, etc.
 * treatments- surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and clinical trials

Diabetes:
The body doesn't properly use or produce enough insulin therefore there is too much glucose in the bloodstream. There are four different types of diabetes and they are as follows:
 * Type 1
 * Type 2[[image:http://www.doctorsecrets.com/your-medicine/diabetes-causes-picture.gif width="209" height="212" align="right"]]
 * Prediabetes
 * Gestational diabetes

Type 1- immune system attacks the insulin producing cells Type 2 & Prediabetes- body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin (due to weight and lack of exercise) Gestational diabetes- placenta produces hormones to sustain the pregnancy that make cells become resistant to insulin **
 * Causes:

Type 1- family history, rest is unknown Type 2 & Prediabetes & Gestational diabetes- weight, inactivity, family history, race (black, spanish, american indian, asian), age, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome
 * Risk factors:**

All- blood tests, fasting blood sugar test, glycated hemoglobin test **
 * Tests:

All- increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing sores, frequent infections ( bladder, vagina, gums, skin)
 * Symptoms:**

All- healthy eating, physical activity, monitoring blood sugar, insulin (pump or injections), medication, pancreas transplant **
 * Treatments:

=<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(255,255,255); font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(244,102,102); text-align: center;">Works cited =
 * www.mayoclinic.com
 * www.montana.edu
 * [|www.medterms.com]

<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: #ffffff; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: #fc9292; text-align: center;"> =<span style="display: block; font-size: 110%; color: #ffffff; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: #fcbfbf; text-align: center;">Crossword puzzle & answers! = The Pancreas! Across 2. Inflammation of the pancreas 5. Decreases blood glucose level 9. Diabetes commonly in younger kids 13. Accessory duct 14. Skinniest part of the pancreas 15. Regulates insulin and glucagon 16. Fluid that helps digest fat 18. Part of pancreas that is connected to the duodenum 19. Length of the pancreas (2 words) Down 1. Major pancreatic duct 3. Exocrine portion of the pancreas 4. Cancer in the pancreatic ducts 5. Hormone producing cells of the pancreas (3 words) 6. Type of diabetes brought on during pregnancy 7. Main cause of chronic pancreatitis 8. Diabetes brought on by weight and inactivity 10. Diabetes affects this organ 11. Cancer in the hormone producing cells (2 words) 12. Middle part of the pancreas 17. Increases blood glucose levels 19. Pancreas is located behind the... //21 of 21 words were placed into the puzzle.// Created by [|Puzzlemaker] at DiscoveryEducation.com, sponsorship by Scotch.
 * __ANSWERS__

Across 2. Pancreatitis 5. Insulin 9. Type 1 13. Santorini 14. Tail 15. Somatostatin 16. Bile 18. Head 19. Six inches

Down 1. Wirsung 3. Acinar 4. Adenocarcinoma 5. Islets of Langerhans 6. Gestational 7. Alcoholism 8. Type 2 10. Pancreas 11. Endocrine Cancer 12. Body 17. Glucagon 19. Stomach**